Understanding Alzheimers Disease :: Alzheimers Disease Essays

Understanding Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disease that destroys mental and physical functioning in human beings, and invariably leads to death. It is the fourth leading cause of adult death in the United States. Alzheimer's creates emotional and financial catastrophe for many American families every year. Fortunately, a large amount of progress is being made to combat Alzheimer's disease every year. To fully be able to comprehend and combat Alzheimer's disease, one must know what it does to the brain, the part of the human body it most greatly affects. Many Alzheimer's disease sufferers had their brains examined. A large number of differences were present when comparing the normal brain to the Alzheimer's brain. There was a loss of nerve cells from the Cerebral Cortex in the Alzheimer's victim. Approxiately ten percent of the neurons in this region were lost. But a ten percent loss is relatively minor, and cannot account for the severe impairment suffered by Alzheimer's victims. Neurofibrillary Tangles are also found in the brains of Alzheimer's victims. They are found within the cell bodies of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, and take on the structure of a paired helix. Other diseases that have "paired helixes" include Parkinson's disease, Down's Syndrome, and Dementia Pugilistica. Scientists are not sure how the paired helixes are related in these very different diseases. Neuritic Plaques are patches of clumped material lying outside the bodies of nerve cells in the brain. They are mainly found in the cerebral cortex, but have also been seen in other areas of the brain. At the core of each of these plaques is a substance called amyloid, an abnormal protein not usually found in the brain. This amyloid core is surrounded by cast off fragments of dead or dying nerve cells. The cell fragments include dying mitochondria, presynaptic terminals, and paired helical filaments identical to those that are neurofibrillary tangles. Many neuropathologists think that these plaques are basically clusters of degenerating nerve cells. But they are still not sure of how and why these fragments clustered together. Congophilic Angiopathy is the technical name that neuropathologists have given to an abnormality found in the walls of blood vessels in the brains of victims of Alzheimer's disease. These abnormal patches are similar to the neuritic plaques that develop in Alzheimer's disease, in that amyloid has been found within the blood-vessel walls wherever the patches occur. Another name for these patches is cerebrovascular amyloid,

Erik Erikson

The aim of this essay is to select a major theorist and discuss their contribution to the cognitive and social development in childhood. Erik Erikson was one of the most distinguished theorists of the 20th century. He discovered and developed psychosocial theory. He was also one of the first theorists to cover the entire lifespan of an individual. Erikson’s proposed eight psychosocial stages which he named â€Å"The Eight Ages of Man†, which range from birth to 65 years and onwards (O’Brien, 2008). Throughout this essay I will discuss stages one to four which occur during childhood 0-12 years old.Erik Erikson was born on June 15th 1902, in Frankfurt Germany. When Erikson finished school he left home and moved to Florence to pursue his interest in art and enrolled in Baden State Art School. A year later, he moved to Vienna where he became an art teacher in a psychoanalytic school for children run by Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud who was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. While in Vienna, he also took classes in the University of Vienna which led him to receive a certificate in the Montessori Method (Puckett and Diffily, 2004).This move changed his life and career. When Erikson met Anna Freud he became interested in psychology which led him to study psychoanalysis. He was influenced by the work of Freud and this turned his career towards the study of children and their development (Salkind, 2004). Erikson extended Freud’s theory by combining his primary assumptions and expanding on them, considering other factors that could influence development. Erikson’s theory highlights that an individual’s personality develops in stages from social and cultural experiences across the lifespan.Freud’s theory of personality development concentrates on sexual and aggressive impulses through different psychosexual stages (Keenan and Evans, 2009). Erikson's theory of psychosocial development helps us understand children's feelings and how their emotional and social lives affect their learning (Pound, 2011). Erikson’s theory describes that an individual’s personality develops at each of the eight psychosocial stages of life. Erikson suggested that at each stage there is a different sort of conflict or crises that arises between the individual and relationships with others.He believed that each crisis must be resolved successfully for the individual to be prepared for the next life crisis. A negative or positive outcome of how the crisis is resolved leads to the change and development of the individual (Shaffer, 2009). Erikson’s first psychosocial stage of life is called Trust versus Mistrust. This stage takes place from birth to one year. The basic idea of the first stage is for the infant to develop trust. This occurs when the child’s needs for warmth, food, sleep and nurturing are consistently met. The infant is completely dependent on the caregiver and relies on them to meet thei r needs.By providing the child with consistent care, the caregiver helps them to develop self-trust and the ability to trust others and their environment (Essa, 2010). In a case were the child’s needs are not adequately met, a sense of mistrust in themselves and others around them is developed. They then move through future stages with this sense of mistrust, seeing the world as threating place filled with unreliable or untrustworthy people. When working with children Erikson’s theory is still used in practice nowadays. Teachers working with infants take particular care to provide a predictable environment and consistent caregiving.Babies are completely dependent on adults to meet their needs. Therefore, it is very important that they are nurtured by admirable, positive adults who are affectionate and sensitive in response to the babies needs as soon as they occur. The infant can then start to develop a sense of trust in the world that will support their growth into th e next stage (Gordon and Browne, 2010). The second stage of life is known as Autonomy versus Doubt. This occurs from two to three years of age. According to Erikson during the second year of life toddlers begin to assert both their motor and cognitive abilities by trying to become more independent.Although they are still very dependent, they must learn to reach a balance between reliance on their caregiver and their desire to explore new things. One possible conflict revolves around toilet training. Successful growth through this stage gives the child a feeling of self-control and accomplishment of their own abilities (Essa, 2011). Erikson portrays a view that if children are made feel ashamed of their efforts they can develop a sense of self-doubt and insecurity. Children need to be able to express their growing independence within the safety of a loving, supportive environment.The search for autonomy not only requires great efforts from the child but also patience and support from their parents (Pressley and McCormick, 2007). For example, by encouraging children to explore and try new tasks parents hope to further their sense of independence. When children complete a task independently and successfully their sense of autonomy grows. Some children fail to develop a sense of autonomy. This may be because they failed at most tasks they attempted or discouragement from parents and developed a sense of shame and self-doubt instead (Newman and Newman, 2006).In early childhood education programmes children are praised for their achievements such as toilet training. A relaxed attitude from teachers and praise for their students helps the child gain a sense of independence without shame. Providing encouragement for both the child’s success and failure of a task gives balance between the child’s natural doubts and their drive for independence. The third stage of Erikson’s theory is Initiative versus guilt. This stage takes place from three to six years. During this stage children observe their parents and want to attempt many tasks that they watch them perform.Their sense of autonomy which developed from the last stage gives them the independence to attempt activities that are beyond their competency. If the parents give the child support and guidance in their new activities, this will result in feelings of achievement and pride in their own initiative. If the child is made feel that they are wrong for trying out new activities and are punished when the child tries to show initiative, they will be left with feelings of guilt (Berns, 2009). At this stage children have a great imagination and are very curious about their surroundings.In schools, children are encouraged to play with a variety of different toys to promote creative play and are exposed to different experiences such as school trips to learn more about the world. They are encouraged to ask the teacher questions, use their imagination and are given freedom to play a nd choose their activities. This promotes their feeling of initiative (Pillitteri, 2010). Erikson believed that the crucial point in this stage is the activity of children playing together. Playing allows the child to explore their communication abilities through such behaviour as deciding what to play.By using their initiative, children learn that they can make decisions, present a course of action and implement plans. As a result of this, children learn the basic skills of problems solving while working with other. These basic skills are an essential foundation for coping effectively in society (Carducci, 2009). The final stage of Erikson’s theory involved in childhood is called Industry versus Inferiority. During this stage the child has developed from their curiosity to try different things to their need to master certain activities (Ray, 2011).Such activities may include learning to read, write or playing a sport. As they start to master certain activities, children deve lop a sense of industry and begin to use their skills in a more personal way. For example, reading a book of their interest. While learning these skills in the company of their peers, some children may discover that their standard of skill is lower than others in their peer group. This awareness can cause the child to develop a sense of inferiority, and can lead them to lose interest in certain activities (Carducci, 2009).This feeling of failure and inferiority can result in the child giving up on certain activities because they believe they do not have the skill or ability required. Children continuously receive praise and attention for their efforts during school and social activities to encourage a sense of Industry (O’ Brien, 2011). Erikson’s theory contains 4 stages which are involved in the area of childhood. These four stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs. inferiority. These range from birth to age twelve.Er ikson has helped to contribute to our understanding of child development through these eight psychosocial stages. He describes the important issues for young children and the support we need to provide to help them gain a healthy development. Erikson’s stages have provided a framework for teachers working with young children. By using Erikson’s theory this helps the teacher promote healthy development in there students and is still used now in the modern classroom. Reference List Berns, R. (2009). Child, Family, School and Community: Socialization and support. th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Carducci, D. (2011). The Psychology of Personality. 2nd ed. , Malden: Brooks/Cole Publishing Essa, E. (2011). Introduction to early childhood education. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Gordon, A. and Browne, K. (2010). Beginnings and Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. Keenan, T. and Evans, S. (2009). An introduction to Child Development. 2nd ed . , London: Sage Publications New, R. and Cochran, M. , eds. (2008). Early Childhood Education: An international encyclopaedia. Vol. , Westport: Praeger Newman, B and Newman, P (2006). Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. O’ Brien, E (2008). Human growth and development: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill & Macmillian O’Brien, E. (2011). Psychology for Social Care: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill & Macmillian Pillitteri, A. (2010). Maternal and Child Health Nursing. 6th ed. , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pound, L. (2011). Influencing Early Childhood Education: Key terms, Philosophies and Theories.New York: McGraw-Hill Pressley, M. and McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York: Guilford Press Puckett, M. and Diffily, D. (2008). Teaching young children: An introduction to early childhood. 2nd ed. , New York: Wadsworth Ray, D. (2011). Advanced play therapy: Essential conditi ons, knowledge and skills for child practice. New York: Routledge Shaffer, D. (2009). Social and Personality Development. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Salkind, N. (2004). An introduction to theories of Human Development. London: Sage Publications Erik Erikson The most interesting topic that we discussed in class the semester, was the theory that Erik Erikson had developed. Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-kenned theories of personality in psychology. Much akin to Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson's theory describes the impact of convivial experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson's psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity.Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is fluctuating due to incipient experiences and information we acquire in our circadian interactions with others. I learned that when psychologists talk about identity, they are talking about the notions, ideals, and values that avail make up a person's comportment. Identity commences when were very puerile and it bec omes very paramount and critical in the adolescent teen ages. Shaping our identity never really ends it'll change for the good and maybe even for the bad for the rest of our lives.Our personal identity gives each of us something unique that dissevers one's self from every other person in this world. Erikson additionally believed that a sense of competence motivates someone’s actions. Each stage in Erikson's theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel as if the have achieved something great, which is sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy.In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that accommodates as a turning point in development. In Erikson's view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential f or personal magnification is high, but so is the potential for failure. I believe that, that’s something that a lot people are faced with. It’s like having a dream and going after it, say for hockey. For me I dream big with it, I want to make it in the professionals.Therefore I’m taking a risk, I can either achieve what I’m aiming for or I can fail. I also feel that for my identity I need to be more than just a good hockey player. I need to be a good person all around. You see a hockey player, you’d never know he’s a professional athlete. But once you put the skates on him, he becomes a beast. So overall Erikson proposed a lifespan model of development, taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years and three further stages beyond, well into adulthood. Erikson suggests that there is still plenty of room for perpetuated magnification and development throughout one’s life.Erikson put a great deal of accentuation on the adolescent perio d, feeling it was a crucial stage for developing a person’s identity. Like Freud and many others, Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order, and build upon each precedent stage. This is called this epigamic principle. The outcome of this ‘maturation timetable' is a wide and integrated set of life skills and abilities that function together within the autonomous individual. However, Instead of fixating on sexual development, he was intrigued with how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. Erik Erikson The aim of this essay is to select a major theorist and discuss their contribution to the cognitive and social development in childhood. Erik Erikson was one of the most distinguished theorists of the 20th century. He discovered and developed psychosocial theory. He was also one of the first theorists to cover the entire lifespan of an individual. Erikson’s proposed eight psychosocial stages which he named â€Å"The Eight Ages of Man†, which range from birth to 65 years and onwards (O’Brien, 2008). Throughout this essay I will discuss stages one to four which occur during childhood 0-12 years old.Erik Erikson was born on June 15th 1902, in Frankfurt Germany. When Erikson finished school he left home and moved to Florence to pursue his interest in art and enrolled in Baden State Art School. A year later, he moved to Vienna where he became an art teacher in a psychoanalytic school for children run by Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud who was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. While in Vienna, he also took classes in the University of Vienna which led him to receive a certificate in the Montessori Method (Puckett and Diffily, 2004).This move changed his life and career. When Erikson met Anna Freud he became interested in psychology which led him to study psychoanalysis. He was influenced by the work of Freud and this turned his career towards the study of children and their development (Salkind, 2004). Erikson extended Freud’s theory by combining his primary assumptions and expanding on them, considering other factors that could influence development. Erikson’s theory highlights that an individual’s personality develops in stages from social and cultural experiences across the lifespan.Freud’s theory of personality development concentrates on sexual and aggressive impulses through different psychosexual stages (Keenan and Evans, 2009). Erikson's theory of psychosocial development helps us understand children's feelings and how their emotional and social lives affect their learning (Pound, 2011). Erikson’s theory describes that an individual’s personality develops at each of the eight psychosocial stages of life. Erikson suggested that at each stage there is a different sort of conflict or crises that arises between the individual and relationships with others.He believed that each crisis must be resolved successfully for the individual to be prepared for the next life crisis. A negative or positive outcome of how the crisis is resolved leads to the change and development of the individual (Shaffer, 2009). Erikson’s first psychosocial stage of life is called Trust versus Mistrust. This stage takes place from birth to one year. The basic idea of the first stage is for the infant to develop trust. This occurs when the child’s needs for warmth, food, sleep and nurturing are consistently met. The infant is completely dependent on the caregiver and relies on them to meet thei r needs.By providing the child with consistent care, the caregiver helps them to develop self-trust and the ability to trust others and their environment (Essa, 2010). In a case were the child’s needs are not adequately met, a sense of mistrust in themselves and others around them is developed. They then move through future stages with this sense of mistrust, seeing the world as threating place filled with unreliable or untrustworthy people. When working with children Erikson’s theory is still used in practice nowadays. Teachers working with infants take particular care to provide a predictable environment and consistent caregiving.Babies are completely dependent on adults to meet their needs. Therefore, it is very important that they are nurtured by admirable, positive adults who are affectionate and sensitive in response to the babies needs as soon as they occur. The infant can then start to develop a sense of trust in the world that will support their growth into th e next stage (Gordon and Browne, 2010). The second stage of life is known as Autonomy versus Doubt. This occurs from two to three years of age. According to Erikson during the second year of life toddlers begin to assert both their motor and cognitive abilities by trying to become more independent.Although they are still very dependent, they must learn to reach a balance between reliance on their caregiver and their desire to explore new things. One possible conflict revolves around toilet training. Successful growth through this stage gives the child a feeling of self-control and accomplishment of their own abilities (Essa, 2011). Erikson portrays a view that if children are made feel ashamed of their efforts they can develop a sense of self-doubt and insecurity. Children need to be able to express their growing independence within the safety of a loving, supportive environment.The search for autonomy not only requires great efforts from the child but also patience and support from their parents (Pressley and McCormick, 2007). For example, by encouraging children to explore and try new tasks parents hope to further their sense of independence. When children complete a task independently and successfully their sense of autonomy grows. Some children fail to develop a sense of autonomy. This may be because they failed at most tasks they attempted or discouragement from parents and developed a sense of shame and self-doubt instead (Newman and Newman, 2006).In early childhood education programmes children are praised for their achievements such as toilet training. A relaxed attitude from teachers and praise for their students helps the child gain a sense of independence without shame. Providing encouragement for both the child’s success and failure of a task gives balance between the child’s natural doubts and their drive for independence. The third stage of Erikson’s theory is Initiative versus guilt. This stage takes place from three to six years. During this stage children observe their parents and want to attempt many tasks that they watch them perform.Their sense of autonomy which developed from the last stage gives them the independence to attempt activities that are beyond their competency. If the parents give the child support and guidance in their new activities, this will result in feelings of achievement and pride in their own initiative. If the child is made feel that they are wrong for trying out new activities and are punished when the child tries to show initiative, they will be left with feelings of guilt (Berns, 2009). At this stage children have a great imagination and are very curious about their surroundings.In schools, children are encouraged to play with a variety of different toys to promote creative play and are exposed to different experiences such as school trips to learn more about the world. They are encouraged to ask the teacher questions, use their imagination and are given freedom to play a nd choose their activities. This promotes their feeling of initiative (Pillitteri, 2010). Erikson believed that the crucial point in this stage is the activity of children playing together. Playing allows the child to explore their communication abilities through such behaviour as deciding what to play.By using their initiative, children learn that they can make decisions, present a course of action and implement plans. As a result of this, children learn the basic skills of problems solving while working with other. These basic skills are an essential foundation for coping effectively in society (Carducci, 2009). The final stage of Erikson’s theory involved in childhood is called Industry versus Inferiority. During this stage the child has developed from their curiosity to try different things to their need to master certain activities (Ray, 2011).Such activities may include learning to read, write or playing a sport. As they start to master certain activities, children deve lop a sense of industry and begin to use their skills in a more personal way. For example, reading a book of their interest. While learning these skills in the company of their peers, some children may discover that their standard of skill is lower than others in their peer group. This awareness can cause the child to develop a sense of inferiority, and can lead them to lose interest in certain activities (Carducci, 2009).This feeling of failure and inferiority can result in the child giving up on certain activities because they believe they do not have the skill or ability required. Children continuously receive praise and attention for their efforts during school and social activities to encourage a sense of Industry (O’ Brien, 2011). Erikson’s theory contains 4 stages which are involved in the area of childhood. These four stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs. inferiority. These range from birth to age twelve.Er ikson has helped to contribute to our understanding of child development through these eight psychosocial stages. He describes the important issues for young children and the support we need to provide to help them gain a healthy development. Erikson’s stages have provided a framework for teachers working with young children. By using Erikson’s theory this helps the teacher promote healthy development in there students and is still used now in the modern classroom. Reference List Berns, R. (2009). Child, Family, School and Community: Socialization and support. th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Carducci, D. (2011). The Psychology of Personality. 2nd ed. , Malden: Brooks/Cole Publishing Essa, E. (2011). Introduction to early childhood education. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Gordon, A. and Browne, K. (2010). Beginnings and Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. Keenan, T. and Evans, S. (2009). An introduction to Child Development. 2nd ed . , London: Sage Publications New, R. and Cochran, M. , eds. (2008). Early Childhood Education: An international encyclopaedia. Vol. , Westport: Praeger Newman, B and Newman, P (2006). Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. O’ Brien, E (2008). Human growth and development: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill & Macmillian O’Brien, E. (2011). Psychology for Social Care: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill & Macmillian Pillitteri, A. (2010). Maternal and Child Health Nursing. 6th ed. , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pound, L. (2011). Influencing Early Childhood Education: Key terms, Philosophies and Theories.New York: McGraw-Hill Pressley, M. and McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York: Guilford Press Puckett, M. and Diffily, D. (2008). Teaching young children: An introduction to early childhood. 2nd ed. , New York: Wadsworth Ray, D. (2011). Advanced play therapy: Essential conditi ons, knowledge and skills for child practice. New York: Routledge Shaffer, D. (2009). Social and Personality Development. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Salkind, N. (2004). An introduction to theories of Human Development. London: Sage Publications

Abnormal Psychology Dissociative Identity Disorder

Abnormal Psychology: Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder, previously referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a psychological illness that has raised a lot of controversy and led researchers to question its validity. This disorder has been recorded as early as the 1800’s, but has recently been given more attention to by clinical researchers because of its diagnosis rates. The brain is a very complex organ and certain traumas can lead to the occurrence of this illness. Dissociative identity disorder is an illness in which individuals develop two or more very different personality states. In this paper, I will explain the causes of dissociative identity disorder, outline the symptoms, and elaborate on the†¦show more content†¦Interestingly, women are three times more likely to be diagnosed with dissociative identity than men and only one percent of the world’s population develop the disorder. In women, the number of subpersonalities that can be involved in a single diagnosis is fi fteen whereas in males it is eight. The subpersonalities often have their own themes and there is always a host, the high functioning personality; a child, specifically at the age in which the individual experienced the traumatic event; a hedonistic, the personality that operates on the pleasure principle; an aggressive identity, the personality that serves as a protector to the host; and a subpersonality of the opposite sex, this identity is obvious through the change of tone in the individual’s voice. The subpersonalities can either maintain a relationship with one another or be completely unaware of each other’s existence. Mutually amnesic relationships, one way amnesic relationships or mutual cognizant patterns may be present with this disorder (Comer, R. J., Whiteford, F. 1998). Mutually amnesic relationships are relationships when the subpersonalities have no awareness of each other; they believe they are the only personality present. A one way amnesic relations hip is when only some subpersonalities are aware of each other, but others are not. The subpersonalities that are aware of one another will observe the thoughts and actions set out byShow MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder Of The Paleolithic Era947 Words   |  4 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder Jorge Marquez Abnormal Psychology Professor Mackenzie It is quite unfortunate that many psychological disorders are not known out there. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) being one of them. Of course, this disorder is said to have been discovered a long time ago. However, it was not seen as it is today. A few decades ago, most disorders were not even known how to be treated. 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Frederick Douglass Essay - 774 Words

Education is heavily valued in the United States. Frederick Douglass was an abolitionist and activist in advocating for equality in public education in America. In â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†, he describes his life as a slave and the conditioned he endured in order to become a free man. Education is a prominent theme throughout the narrative. Douglass constantly faced the conflict of becoming literate and abandoning it entirely. As a child, his master showed great disapproval of his learning to read, which he then understood that education had value. This encouraged Douglass and he learned to read by other means. By becoming literate, he further understood slavery and the despondency of his and other slaves’ position.†¦show more content†¦At this age, Douglass obtained a copy of â€Å"The Columbian Orator† that included arguments against slavery and introduced it as an issue of human rights. He was now able to dispute the injus tices of both his personal slavery as well as slavery as a system. However, this further left Douglass conflicted; he states, â€Å"...while they relieved me of one difficulty, they brought on another even more painful than the one of which I was relieved. The more I read, the more I was led to abhor and detest my enslavers.† (35) Douglass struggled more with this knowledge because he saw the truth in which â€Å"The Columbian Orator† described. The truth that came with literacy instilled within Douglass a pursuit for freedom. While freedom was not immediately obtainable, Douglass continued to broaden his education as much as possible. His passion for education inspired him to reach out to fellow slaves and help them receive an education. With a lot at risk, slaves attended sessions because â€Å"They had been shut up in mental darkness.† (71). These slaves became free because Douglass shared his knowledge with them. He was able to instill his own passion onto other slaves that would go on to spread their knowledge to others. â€Å"I therefore, though with great prudence, commenced early to ascertain their views and feelings in regard to their condition, and to imbue their minds with thoughts of freedom. I bent myself to devisingShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass Essay817 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican-American man Frederick Douglass wrote his famous speech, â€Å"The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro†, America was in a time of great distress. It was the year 1852, and the view of aboliti onists was quickly spreading. It was the time of both provocative literatures such as Uncle Tom’s Cabin, as well as important resolutions, such as the Dredd Scott decision, showing the contrast between views at the time, both positive and negative towards slavery. Frederick Douglass was a freed African-AmericanRead MoreFrederick Douglass Essay691 Words   |  3 PagesFrederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was one of the most important black leaders of the Antislavery movement. He was born in 1817 in Talbot County, MD. He was the son of Harriet Bailey and an unknown white man. His mother was a slave so therefore he was born a slave. He lived with his grandparents until the age of eight, so he never knew his mother well. When he turned eight, he was sent to Aunt Kathy, a woman who took care of slave children on the plantation of Colonel Edward Lloyd. WhenRead More Frederick Douglass Essays505 Words   |  3 Pages The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is an account of Frederick Douglass’ life written in a very detached and objective tone. You might find this tone normal for a historical account of the events of someone’s life if not for the fact that the narrative was written by Frederick Douglass himself. In light of the fact that Douglass wrote his autobiography as a treatise in support of the abolishment of slavery, the r emoved tone was an effective tone. It gave force to hisRead MoreEssay on Frederick Douglass658 Words   |  3 Pages Frederick Douglass nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Frederick Douglass was a man who was active until the day he died. Frederick Attended Anti-Slavery meetings and also attended meetings for Women?s rights. He believed everyone was equal it didnt matter if one was white, black, or green it also didnt matter what sex you were he believed everybody was equal. He achieved many things during his hard but great life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Born on a plantation in Tuckahoe, near Easton, in TalbotRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Augustus Washington Bailey (later known as Frederick Douglass) was born a slave in Talbot County, Maryland around the year 1818. He was an African American reformer, writer, and orator. Douglass was one of the few noteworthy heroes who arose from the evils of slavery and impacted the United States and the world in significant ways. After escaping from slavery, he became known for his astounding oratory skills and remarkable antislavery writing. He became an important leader of the abolitionistRead MoreFrederick Douglass Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesFrederick Douglass Born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey on Marylands Eastern Shore in 1818, he was the son of a slave woman and, her white master. Upon his escape from slavery at age 20, he adopted the name of the hero of Sir Walter Scotts The Lady of the Lake. Douglass immortalized his years as a slave in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845). This and two other autobiographies, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and The Life and Times of Frederick DouglassRead More Frederick Douglass Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesIn Frederick Douglass autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, he writes about the inhumanity and brutality of slavery, with the intention of informing white, American colonists. Douglass is thought to be one of the greatest leaders of the abolition, which radically and dramatically changed the American way of life, thus revolutionizing America. Douglass changed America, and accomplished this through writing simply an d to the point about the reality of slaveryRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass After escaping from slavery, Frederick Bailey changed his name to Frederick Douglass and became a prominent speaker in the abolitionist movement. He was so eloquent that proslavery opponents charged him with being a fraud who had never been a slave and challenged him to reveal the true facts of his life. Such an account was dangerous for Douglass, who could have been captured and returned to slavery for life, but he proceededRead MoreEssay Frederick Douglass and Slavery1448 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass and Slavery Frederick Douglass the most successful abolitionist who changed America’s views of slavery through his writings and actions. Frederick Douglass had many achievements throughout his life. His Life as a slave had a great impact on his writings. His great oratory skills left the largest impact on Civil War time period literature. All in all he was the best black speaker and writer ever. Douglass was born a slave in 1817, in Maryland. He educatedRead MoreEssay on the Life of Frederick Douglass1702 Words   |  7 PagesIn Frederick Douglass#8217; Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Mr. Douglass gives many examples of cruelty towards slaves as he shows many reasons that could have been used to abolish slavery. Throughout the well-written narrative, Douglass uses examples from the severe whippings that took place constantly to a form of brainwashing by the slaveholders over the slaves describing the terrible conditions that the slaves were faced with in the south in the first half of the 1800#8217;s.

Cell Phones Are The Most Vital Part Of People s Life Essay

Mobile phones are turning out to be more exceptional and more prominent Who does not own a cell phone these days? The answer would be low. Many teenagers and adults own a cell phone. The technology is advancing rapidly, and new phones are coming out with different providers, there is more choice now. I-phones are spreading everywhere and most people either have one or want one. More kids are getting acquainted with mobile phones as a result of their needs and for communication. Cell phones are very dependable to have to keep in touch with others, and to communicate. Subsequently, cell phones are something to be thankful for. However, nowadays texting has become more popular, and calling has decreased its popularity. These are used for very different situations, with different age groups and used differently with the two sexes. Cell phones have for sure become the most vital part of people’s life. It is almost impossible to imagine life without them. Now they are affordable, easy to use, comfortable and equipped with latest feature the user desire. For people of all ages from children to senior citizens, mobile phones are like a craze and the way of being ahead with the technology. So, there has been a rapid growth of the mobile phone industry during the past few years. Ten years ago mobile phones were used only by a handful of people. However, these days, all individuals have their own particular mobile phone and some of them even have two or more. So, as technology hasShow MoreRelatedCell Phones And Its Effect On Our Health947 Words   |  4 Pagesintelligent products have been created and developed. Cell phones are one of the most important products in this age. The depth of the roles that cell phones play in our life which even we do not realize how vital it is. Normally, in order to get message s on time, people always take cell phones with them all the day. Cell phones became secretary, housekeeper and the best friend of humans. Unfortunately, according to some recent researches, cell phones may threaten our health. Then here comes the problem;Read MoreCell Phones And Electronic Devices Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesEvidence of Cell phones and electronic devices are changing our notions of communication seen in â€Å"Dead Man’s Cell Phone† Today, in the society we are part of, we have the resources to communication in a variety of ways other than conventional in person conversations we are custom to. The main reason for this is because of the existence development of technology and the wide interest in this technology from people around the world. Technology is taking a vital role in our culture and they ways weRead MoreCell Phones Are Becoming More Advanced And More Popular Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesCell phones are becoming more advanced and more popular. Who does not own a cell phone these days? The answer would be very low. Many teenagers and adults own a cell phone. The technology is advancing rapidly, and new phones are coming out with different providers, there is more choice now. I phones are spreading everywhere and most people either have one or want one. Younger children are getting introduced to cell phones because of their surroundings, and for communication. Cell phones are veryRead MoreCellphones and effects on society1268 Words   |  6 Pagescellular phones are revolutionizing the XXI Century. New mobile devices contain most of the functions of a computer, better known as smart phones. They also give you the opportunity to stay in touch with whom you wish to and also you can take pictures, listen to music, and most significantly, it connects you with the rest of the world through the network. But have you ever stopped and think, how much time you spend using your phone, and how so often you check it? And without realizing that, most peopleRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1667 Words   |  7 Pageslives is the phone. The first telephone was created in 1876, and as decades passed by, it was replaced by the cellphone, which incorporated the addition of many useful new features. Additional features such as text messaging, a built-in camera, and internet access transformed the people’s perception s because the add-ons presented more purpose to the cellphone. With the implementation of these advancements, the cellphone proved to be a reliable tool and distracting burden in daily life; while it reducedRead MoreThe Impact Of Modern Technology On Us And Our Society Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pagesand continues to grow today is becoming astonishingly faster. Current generation, feel more pressure than any other generation ever has, as the technological advances are astronomically impacting and reshaping our society. Since the early 1990 s everyday technology has begun to play and reshape humans daily lives. Technology has begun to reshape our society, which impacts many diverse aspects of our lives, weather it is in our own private live, businesses, and in education. Although the rapidRead MoreCell Phone Radiation And Its Effect1257 Words   |  6 Pagesdiseases. There are different conditions in these wellbeing vulnerabilities. People are well aware of cell phone radiation and its effect, but when it comes to smartphones, people seem to forget all about the radiation. Also, â€Å"to much use of smart phones which will build the danger of brain cancer, particularly among children. Children have slender skulls and delicate nervous system. Daily utilization of smart phones for a long time duplicates the danger of tumor in the auditor y nerve that connectsRead MoreGeneration Z And My Generation883 Words   |  4 Pagesfashion way† and could not look it up by just pulling their smart phones out of their pockets. Are they right? Do we spend too much time in our lives focusing on the technology around us? Is my generation too disconnected from the world? If we are it is only going to get worse for future generations. Generation X (1961-1981) is the generation when most people in my generation parents were born. I recently asked my mom, who is part of Gen X, what was technology like growing up. Although she did notRead MoreDevelopment Of Smart Phones And Tablet Machines2329 Words   |  10 Pages Development of Smart Phone Industry Smart phones and tablet machines are keeping a ring in prominence. Individuals working in the portable web industry are idealistic about the fate of World s versatile web market, and expanding quantities of youthful Chinese individuals are looking to enter the part. The fast improvement of versatile web industry in the previous two years has created various business opportunities. Qiao Liang is an item director working at an application making organization inRead MoreCellphones Have Become A Huge Part Of Everyday Life1206 Words   |  5 Pageswithout a cell phone in their hand or a computer on their lap? Very slim. In the modern culture, technology has become a huge part of everyday life. This is replacing social interactions with social media and love letters with messaging and genuine friends with far away strangers. Over the course of technology development, social and communication skills have greatly decreased due to dependence on such devices, thus being a direct effect. For American teen’s, cellphones have become a vital social

John Donne vs Hemingway Essay Example For Students

John Donne vs Hemingway Essay Ernest Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls was said to be one of the most famousbooks that came out of the Spanish Civil War. This book as been said to have served as aprelude to the devastation of World War II because it freed the world united against Fascism. The novel shows humanitys great capacity for hope or despair, which is portrayed through twocontrasting characters, Anselmo who is devoted,and Pablo, who is brutish. This literary work isrealistic and the title was quoted from John Donnes Meditation 17, Any mans deathdiminishes me, beacause I am involved in Mankind; And therefore never send know for whomthe bell tolls; It tolls for thee. The main character in the novel is Robert Jordan who is anAmerican fighting with Spanish Loyalists. Roberts character feels like an alien in his settingand disoriented. He symbolizes the best of the American dream by giving up his reputation, thegood life, and security. Robert is a talkative, moody, and lifeless. In the novel, Jordan falls inl ove with Maria. She does not live a very interesting life and described as a very gentle person. Her main concern in life is to please Robert as if he is almost a master. The bad guy of thestory is Pablo. He is viewed in the rumors during the time of war. Robert depends on Pablo forattack plans and escape routes,which shows a reverse trait on both men. The story begins withRobert and a guide hiking through the mountains. Jordan planned to make contact with aguerilla band led by Pablo, and Pilar, his wife. Jordan destroyed bridges to secure attack. Jordanand Maria fall in love during a mission. El Sordo agreed to help with a mission to blow up thebridge and secure horses to help the escape. El Sordo and his men were later killed by the Fascistbombers. As Jordan slept, Pablo, stole and destroyed all of Roberts weapons. Jordan and hisguide, Anselmo, killed the guards of the bridge and then destroyed it with dynamite. Jordanfound Pablo and forced him to admitting that he himself had kil led the other guerrillas for theirhorses. Robert then crossed the bridge last as the Fascist troops had their tanks and bullets cameafter him. He told Maria of his love for her and layed next to her with his crushed leg and later died. Rather than dying in vain, he had his submachine gun at his side. He took aim at theleading Fascist officer who was near, and shot him. Hemingway developed the theme of JohnDonne by portraying that the destiny of all human beings was bound up in the Spanish Civil War. Ernest and John both believed that each man exists bound intimately to the fate of his or herneighbor. They also thought that every human is a neighbor who cant be ignored if he or sheNunc lento sonitu dicunt, Morieris, (Now this bell tolling softly for another, says to me,Thou must die.) from John Donnes Meditation 17. In his long serious essay, he states that Allmankind is of one author and is one volume; when one man dies, one chapter is not torn out ofthe book, but translated into a better language, and every chapter must be so translated. Theseideas found in the essay surface in Ernest Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls. Both writersbelieved that a mans fate is shared by his neighbor and that he cant be ignored if he or she issuffering or dying. Hemingways novel included the sacrifice of ones reputation for hisneighbors, the love of another neighbor, and the end of his translation. .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 , .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 .postImageUrl , .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 , .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219:hover , .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219:visited , .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219:active { border:0!important; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219:active , .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219 .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41dbdb83af41dd423be972bd4db62219:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth Persuasive Essay Ernest Hemingways style of writing was forged but became to be original. His prosewas made of a collection of short, strong, sonorous sentences. His writing always containedheros that were men broken by the world. The women were strong yet weak and alwaysdescribed as beautiful. Hemingway was best known for describing courage. Ernest foundwriting tips from the King James Bible, the deceased Mark Twain, and Stephan Crane. Afterfinding his own original style, he developed a power in simplicity and poetry in the everday speech. Hemingway finally made sense of the usual adjective filled works ofJohn Donnes keen mind led to powerful sermons, both in the church and in his literaryworks. One of his religious prose, Meditation 17, is one of the most quoted works of all time. No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main;any mans death diminishes me, for I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to knowfor whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. Donnes sonnet structure has been associated withWilliam Shakespeare. They contain three quatrians and a concluding rhymed couplet. They arenot sonnet like in which they dont have narrative or a defined theme. In the beginning of Hemingways novel, John Donne is quoted, No man is an Iland,intire of it selfe; every man is a peece of the Continent, a part of the maine; if a Clod bee washedaway by the Sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a Promontorie were, as well as if a Mannor ofthy friends or of thine owne were; any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved inMankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee. Hemingway advanced the theme of this poet by showing that the destiny of all human beingswere constrained in the Spanish Civil War. For Whom the Bell Tolls , is a very slow moving story that acquires many actions tohappen in the three days the story takes place. Along with Hemingways heavy description andredundancy, it gives the story a hard understanding of Donnes ideas. The explanation of thecharacters give the feeling of the two authors similar beliefs. When Ernest describes the maincharacter, Robert Jordan, as very involved with mankind by sacrificing his life for his fellowhuman being. In John Donnes Meditation 17, Any mans death diminshes me because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls forIn both literary works, death is an important theme. All of mankind has a time for whichthe bell tolls for them. At the end Hemingways novel, the main character refused to die invain. He died with his riffle in his hand and prohibits dying without winning. He voices hisfeelings to his love and then kills the leader of the enemy. Hemingway is known for hisdescription of courage. Most of his works have him as the main character and the adventures areof his own. His life time opportunities and experiences are told throughout all of his literaryworks. An idea in Donnes essay is about how God picks a few people as translators for severalreasons such as age, sickness, justice, and sometimes war, but he calls upon everyone to come. The idea of Hemingways character dying without triumph is reviewing Donnes inspiration on amans fate having an impact on all neighbors. When Robert Jordan died in war, he not onlykilled others, his death had an impression on others in his life. .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 , .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 .postImageUrl , .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 , .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7:hover , .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7:visited , .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7:active { border:0!important; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7:active , .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7 .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u007d6d663d2c7af7474113e2c9b373f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Optical Distortion, Inc EssayWhen people are brought to war in a country, they work together for security of others. No one is fending for themselves, they are fighting for eachother. In Meditation 17 , No man isan island, entire of itself, every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. This ideasurfaces in For Whom the Bell Tolls , time after time when the characters work together to find escape routes and tactics to win the battle in the Spanish Civil War.The power of God is a strong theme in John Donnes essay. He gives examples of Godspower over mankind such as the setting of the sun, and the time in which we are called upon toexit life. The essay also state s that humans take advantage of all the gifts we are given such asliving itself. The idea that man is as selfish as to consider his or her own power, and not consider Gods power over the entire world and he himself can call upon the occasion of the ringing ofthe bell. This idea of human power verses His power, is evident in Hemingways novel with theactions of war. One country fighting another because of power of man. Ernest Hemingway and John Donne had many similar ideas and beliefs. After readingDonnes long serious essay, Meditation 17 , many of their shared points were evident throughoutHemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls. They both thought that someones fate is shared by hisor her neighbor. Another idea that the two writers shared was the notion that a neighbor cannotbe ignored if she or he suffers or dies. An indication that the opinions were mutual were througharticles found in the novel that could be related to Donnes essay. Hemingway was trying toremind his reader of the poets illustrating works with his own similar ideas that mankindsdestiny and related it to the controlled environment of the Spanish Civil War. Bibliography:

Taxation Calculation ITA Act 1997

Question: Describe about the Taxation Calculation for ITA Act 1997. Answer: 1. The section 4-1 of the ITA Act 1997 it is stated that every company, individual and some other entities are required to pay tax. This tax is payable on the assessable income of the taxpayer. The ITA Act 1997 under section 6-5 and section 6-10 further classifies assessable income as ordinary income and statutory income. The section 84-5 of the ITA Act 1997 defines Personal service income as an ordinary income or statutory income derived by an individual mainly because of personal skill and effort (Woellner et al. 2016). The income gained by an entity mainly due to personal effort of an individual will also be included in the personal service income. The general rule is that if more than 50% of the income form a contract is generated due to the personal effort, skill and expertise then the total income from the contract is classified as Personal service income. The Para 17 of the Taxation Ruling IT 2121 and Para 36 of Taxation Ruling IT 2330 provide few examples of personal service income, which are as follows: Wages and salary; Income derived on own account by a professional person without taking any professional assistance; Income derived principally from the effort of the professional under a contract; Income derived from exercise of personal skill by a sports person or an entertainer. The income from personal exertion is defined under section 6 of the ITA Act 1936. According to this section, income from personal exertion means income that consists of earnings from salary, wages, fees, commission, pension, bonus, retiring allowances, superannuation allowances, gratuity received as an employee, income from a business carried on by a taxpayer either individually or as a partner and other income (Smith 2015). As can be seen from the definition of the income from personal service and income from personal exertion the concept of income under both the definition over lapse. In order to provide further clarity of the meaning of personal service income in Para 30 of the Taxation Ruling TR 2001/7 the incomes that are not be included as personal service income are stated. The incomes that are not to be included are: Income derived from supply of goods or granting a right to the property; Income generated from an asset; Income generated by a business structure; In section 6 of the ITA Act 1936 the proceeds from business carried on by the taxpayer individually or in partnership is also included in the income from personal exertion. Therefore, personal service business is also included within the meaning of personal exertion. The section 87-15 of the ITA Act 1997 states the meaning of personal service business and provides a list of four personal service business tests (Agllias et al. 2015). If an individual satisfies these tests then the alienation measure of the PSI rule will not apply. In this case, Hilary has entered into an agreement with the daily terror to write her story of mountain climbing, as she is a professional mountain climber. The daily terror newspaper published the story and she received the payment. Then she sold the manuscripts and photographs to the Mitchell library and received payment of $5000 and $2000. This case requires ascertaining whether the payments received by Hilary are from personal exertion. In order to ascertain whether the incomes received are from personal service income it is important to evaluate each contract and job separately. It is also important to consider the terms of the agreement, the invoices and other factors in determining whether the income is personal service income (Richardson 2014). The general rule is that if the more than 50% of the contract amount is received due to the personal skill, effort and expertise then such income should be treated as income from personal service. In the given case, Hilary was paid $10 000.00 by daily terror newspaper to write story about her life. The agreement required that she could not engage a ghostwriter so she had to put her own expertise and skills in writing the story. Therefore, as she made more than 50% effort in earning the money so it is an income from personal service. The Taxation Ruling 2001/7 states that there are certain incomes that are not to be included in the income from personal exertion this are income from supplying and selling goods, income earned from providing the right to use the property, income earned from assets etc. Therefore, the income received from selling manuscripts and photographs to Mitchell library should not be included in the income from personal exertion (Scaravilli 2014). If the story was written for her personal satisfaction and later, it was decided to be sold, then such income is not included in the income from personal exertion. It is because income derived by a professional under a contract is included within the meaning of personal service income (Long 2016). In this case, there is no contract so the income should not be treated as income from personal exertion. 2. In Australia, an individual is required to pay tax on income received, dividend received, interest received, capital gains and others. As per the general rule, a gift is not taxed if it is not within the taxable income. In Australia, there is no gift tax that is required to be paid if the amount of gift is within the prescribed limit (Duff 2016). The limit is that the gift amount should not exceed $300000.00 for five financial years and in any one year; the gift amount should not exceed $100000.00. There are various case studies related to gifts that provide examples of non-taxable gifts: If gift is made to son there is no gift tax; If gift is made to sisters there is no gift tax; If large sum of money is brought from parents for purchasing property then there is no gift tax; If each son is given a house after parents sell the property then there is no gift tax; If money is given back to children as a gift then there is no gift tax; The above-mentioned examples of gifts are from case studies of Scott V FCT (974), Hayes V FCT (1956) and Smith V FCT (1988). If the rules that are laid down by the governments are appropriately followed then large sum of money provided by the parents to the son are not liable to tax (Pomerleau and Cole 2015). The rules require that the loan provided should be documented properly. A deed of trust is required to be created by the parents and this should be registered with the local county. The parents and the child also required under the law to execute a promissory note. This will act as evidence that the amounts provided by the parents are a loan and not a gift. If the parent forgives the loan then such loan amount will be treated as gift. Then in such case the children has to declare the loan as income and is required to pay tax on that amount (King and Case 2015). The maximum limit of gift amount that parents can give without incurring tax liability is $10000.00. In this case, the parents have provided a short-term loan of $40000.00 and the son has agreed to repay the loan at the end of fifth year by paying an amount of $50000.00. The loan provided did not have any security, as there was no formal agreement between the parents and the son. The son along with an addition amount of 5% p.a on amount borrowed has repaid the loan. As the loan amount is returned to the parents along with interest so it is not gift (Burkhauser 2015). The parent is liable to pay tax that has been received from the son. Therefore, it can be concluded that assessable income of the parents will include the interest paid by the son on amount borrowed as loan. 3. a) Calculation of capital Gain Particulars Using Indexation method Using Discount method Sale Proceeds $ 800,000.00 $ 800,000.00 Less: Cost Base $ 238,541.67 $ 150,000.00 Capital Gain $ 561,458.33 $ 650,000.00 Discount (50%) $ - $ 325,000.00 Net Capital Gain $ 561,458.33 $ 325,000.00 Calculation of Indexation factor CPI for September 1990 68.7 CPI for September 1986 43.2 Indexation factor 1.590278 The CGT is applicable for assets acquired after 20 September 1985. If the asses is held for more than 12 months and the asset is acquired before 21 September 1999 then there are two methods of calculating capital gain or capital loss. These methods are Discount method or indexation method (Harding 2013). The taxpayer can choose any of the method for computing CGT. In this case, the net capital gain under discount method is less than indexation method so the taxpayer will choose discount method for calculating CGT. b) If the property is sold to daughter then the Capital gain under indexation method is less than the discount method (Faccio and Xu 2015). Therefore, the taxpayer will choose indexation for calculating capital gain. Calculation of capital Gain Particulars Using Indexation method Using Discount method Sale Proceeds $ 200,000.00 $ 200,000.00 Less: Cost Base $ 238,514.67 $ 150,000.00 Capital Gain $ (38,514.67) $ 50,000.00 Discount (50%) $ - $ 25,000.00 Net Capital Gain/(loss) $ (38,514.67) $ 25,000.00 c) The Discount method for calculating capital gain is not applicable to companies. Therefore, the capital in case of companies will be calculated using only indexation method. Calculation of capital Gain Particulars Using Indexation method Sale Proceeds $ 800,000.00 Less: Cost Base $ 238,541.67 Capital Gain $ 561,458.33 References Agllias, K., Howard, A., Schubert, L. and Gray, M., 2015. Australian Workers Narratives about Emergency Relief and Employment Service Clients: Complex Issues, Simple Solutions.Australian Social Work, pp.1-14. Burkhauser, R.V., Hahn, M.H. and Wilkins, R., 2015. Measuring top incomes using tax record data: A cautionary tale from Australia.The Journal of Economic Inequality,13(2), pp.181-205. Duff, D.G., 2016. Alternatives to the Gift and Estate Tax.Boston College Law Review,57. Faccio, M. and Xu, J., 2015. Taxes and capital structure.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,50(03), pp.277-300. Harding, M., 2013. Taxation of Dividend, Interest, and Capital Gain Income. King, D. and Case, C., 2015. AN INTERNATIONAL INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAX COMPARSION: THE UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA, AND UNITED KINGDOM.EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD, p.77. 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